https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/research daily 0.75 2026-02-10 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/gc-wetsalts-tiger-beetle daily 0.75 2026-02-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431467304101-BHBF4GIZVKT89JTWL1YS/dorsal.jpg GC wetsalts tiger beetle - Hemorrhagica arizonae - Dorsal https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431467304101-BHBF4GIZVKT89JTWL1YS/dorsal.jpg GC wetsalts tiger beetle - Hemorrhagica arizonae - Dorsal https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431467317273-J2V00C0YRGA1MI6JOLPE/ventral.jpg GC wetsalts tiger beetle - Hemorrhagica arizonae - ventral https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431468099792-HCE275IERYD3XLTUUSO1/lateral.jpg GC wetsalts tiger beetle - Hemorrhagica arizonae - lateral https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431538978459-QMC7LCI08PL3JQ5CUXKB/6.0633Tiger+beetle+headReducedWhiteBG.jpg GC wetsalts tiger beetle https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/apache-spiketail-dragonfly-1 daily 0.75 2026-02-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444248962658-642FVVZEBLOEZ07UM9IH/image-asset.jpeg Apache Spiketail Dragonfly - Apache Spiketail Dragonfly Apache Spiketail Dragonfly. Photo courtesy of ©2005 Terry Wright, Arizona Hiking Gallery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444248962658-642FVVZEBLOEZ07UM9IH/image-asset.jpeg Apache Spiketail Dragonfly - Apache Spiketail Dragonfly Apache Spiketail Dragonfly. Photo courtesy of ©2005 Terry Wright, Arizona Hiking Gallery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444249045728-XMYHZBLG5GBBNDXUZF0J/image-asset.jpeg Apache Spiketail Dragonfly Detail of the head. Photo courtesy of AZDragonfly.org. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/56157d66e4b0043a1005edad/56157dc8e4b07a171ef33477/1731516227410/ Apache Spiketail Dragonfly https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444249100544-P4LNW7EYOPXXATKN8NYF/image-asset.jpeg Apache Spiketail Dragonfly Apache spiketail dragonfly in flight. Photo courtesy of Martin Reid. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/grand-canyon-springs-project daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/cave daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574279841555-1GK2M1FC9LIH333SLI6B/NVflowingspring2.jpg Cave https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1427841044969-41RY8LTSJRUOE3E9WO2U/144_PivotRock_1304446091.jpg Cave Pivot Rock Spring, Coconino National Forest, Arizona. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1427840833770-P06WD6B1BAJO5RS8FVZ5/image-asset.jpeg Cave Sketch of Gushet spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/staff daily 0.75 2026-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/5b519557-6f8a-4faa-bc15-b5f278c96c55/IMG_3460.jpg Our Team https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1436902420748-8OUQGATT47LZZMOTL0X1/image-asset.jpeg Our Team https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/a6f87a4d-8860-4b0a-8ec6-7cd90460b46c/JosephHolway.JPG Our Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1653864131846-9J0496G2DW7J3MT3SL74/JeriInHavasu.jpg Our Team https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/6a6e0d58-518b-4094-b3b3-3fe16f976aaa/Measuring+Channel+Entrenchment+Washington+State.JPG Our Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1429138247733-5RAWIUYYUV77JZKCUT8S/tumblr_mqvsd7ij1c1rkz363o1_1280.jpg Our Team https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/bfa88674-c838-4edd-aa04-96d2b166f982/IMG_4953.JPEG Our Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/87092807-f639-423e-a072-1270c737b58c/BHall.JPG Our Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/fd299268-7482-412e-ae0f-dd4fe2434bb0/Darah+Farrar+Treasurer.jpg Our Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1653864241324-AMJEKWYJSALBUX1LVBWO/JaqueWithSloth.jpg Our Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/b775b600-dbd9-4ae2-ade7-70ff405c9ffe/Jim+Holway+01+high+res+CAP+Board+Meeting+13+-+crop2+Jim.jpg Our Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/5c325899-e578-4c42-8c95-522004bf9953/Barnes+bio+pic+%28002%29.jpeg Our Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1440785573051-7YBODOMEYAW9Q96FVE8N/image-asset.jpeg Our Team https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1521131952703-5BQUY8L7SK55E2GAYVLO/Schenk+photo.jpg Our Team https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/about-the-database daily 0.75 2026-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/02c8d195-7938-433d-8d2b-747a104d57f1/IMG_5733.JPEG Background https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/employment daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/stewardship-restoration daily 0.75 2026-03-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/fa04befe-677d-47af-8cae-9a0317811356/20241102_103549.jpg Stewardship and Restoration https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/354453a3-c98b-42ff-b474-a12bbd5810ce/IMG_5918.JPG Stewardship and Restoration https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/96135f60-3e2f-4f7e-acb9-4cf475d4feac/2022_08_Granite+RidgeDSC00045.jpg Stewardship and Restoration https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/2a87aae1-4b9c-46bc-bcdb-6a2b807e7ff9/Pakoon_Arena1_2007.jpg Stewardship and Restoration - Make it stand out Pakoon Spring, Arizona in 2007. Restoration began in 2007 and the spring is responding positively. Photo courtesy of the Grand Canyon Wildlands Council. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/7678ab51-9e74-4a74-9059-08055f5ff1be/20241102_094108.jpg Stewardship and Restoration - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/projects daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/befa11a3-0fc1-41ab-87ef-e1b237ad0e02/Brown+Canyon+from+Los+Machos+Hills.jpg Current Projects https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/9c9db70c-fb8c-484e-988f-02d04bad27e7/20250511_072949+Cropped.png Current Projects The SSI field crew on the rim of Dark Canyon https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/b7cf59c6-9641-4370-b725-7f74f4720043/20250514_130352.jpg Current Projects - Make it stand out Dark Canyon - Bears Ears National Monument https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/ca9c55ab-9262-42a9-8f0b-321429e7a0de/FirstSpringViewDownstreamSm.jpg Current Projects - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/997b8fee-9b6f-4d5c-8b9b-b30e9742bb43/BigSpringRepresentative20250801.jpg Current Projects - Make it stand out Elk fencing erected around Big Spring led to a burst of colorful monkeyflower along the spring outflow channel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/9dfbe1a7-802a-4572-8a19-f0d8f1427941/DSC00771.jpg Current Projects - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1636733685601-LDBGMHCVA10TJB2O3I57/NevadaSpring4_EPA_Elko.jpg Current Projects https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1619467746376-TPEVVFI2HPBF4HBR9ALJ/DSC00485_resized.jpg Current Projects https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/2b3f02be-c93a-4de0-b0cb-78ae2f72bc4c/BloombergMeadow.jpg Current Projects - Make it stand out Escalante Ranch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/de6501e9-088a-4ad0-b7b2-95a23dcab978/Mud+Spring.jpg Current Projects - Make it stand out Spring wildflowers at Mud Spring on Los Padres National Forest https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/home daily 1.0 2026-02-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/f694e8c3-0665-420b-af9f-3374465cd9ba/LV_FossilCreek.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1771891463350-KA56PQKLISYVE3ODZA8A/20250511_072949.jpg Home - Who We Are https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1771882163916-98551Q8PHELXDA9A6VU6/DSC00774.jpg Home - What We Do https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1771892186721-VF792CQHG81JSGPNKNJR/DSC00157.jpg Home - Why Springs? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1771895157550-43AXGLCXRSKXE987FSZE/Tributaries_Rivers_Substack_banner.jpg Home - Tributaries and Rivers Our team recently published a new scientific paper led by Dr. Larry Stevens examining how tributaries connect, or sometimes fail to connect ecologically, to the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. A small stream may support abundant aquatic life, while the river it flows into supports far less. This question sits at the heart of our work at SSI because the tributaries in this study are entirely dependent on springs for their baseflow. In Grand Canyon, springs sustain these streams year-round in an otherwise dry landscape, creating habitat that supports insects and other small organisms forming the base of the aquatic food web. We wanted to understand what happens to that life when spring-fed tributaries meet the dam-controlled Colorado River. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1771894432575-94T7ZMTJWZKY5LVO0LCU/Picture1_bottombanner.png Home - Ongoing Study of Verde Headwater Springs In 2023 and 2025, SSI partnered with Friends of the Verde River to map and inventory the headwater springs that provide critical baseflow to the Verde River and its tributaries. This project has been generously funded through a grant from the Nina Mason Pulliam Charitable Trust. Follow these links to learn more about the project and Verde springs ecology. Photo courtesy of Joel Hazelton https://www.joelhazelton.com/. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1771895172573-3KH3P1H1TFLF833PVSJA/ERBranchCreekNo1_banner.jpg Home - Springs on a Global Stage In August 2025 SSI was honored to join the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). We’re especially proud to have co-sponsored a motion and host a session alongside partners including Re:wild, the Saint Louis Zoo, the International Water Management Institute, SHOAL, and others. Together, we’ll work to close critical gaps in knowledge, policy, and funding, chart a clear roadmap for conservation, and launch a dedicated IUCN Springs Specialist Group. This is the moment to ensure springs and their incredible biodiversity finally get the recognition and protection they deserve. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1773168147670-6Z2F744TR4YMZBWA6KXJ/spring_snail_banner.jpg Home - Springsnail Conservation Springsnails are often highly endemic to individual springs ecosystems, a result of the role of springs as a paleorefugia for life developed when the Southwest was considerably wetter. Unfortunately, this endemism makes individual springsnail species vulnerable to extinction when spring habitats are degraded. SSI assisted the Springsnail Conservation Team (SCT), a group of partner organizations including state and federal agencies, in forming a comprehensive conservation strategy for springsnails in Utah and Nevada to safeguard existing springsnail species richness and diversity. Click on the photo to learn more. This photo is greatly magnified for detail — springsnails grow to a maximum size of 2-3 mm (about 2-3x the thickness of your fingernail). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/29f918bb-d692-431a-8957-c4702998168d/DSC00657_banner.jpg Home - Big Spring Restoration In 2024, SSI was a partner in the rehabilitation of Big Spring in Kaibab National Forest. The Arizona Elk Society erected an elk exclosure to protect the source. Last summer, SSI staff were able to see the impact of this work, observing the incredible recovery of vegetation and aquatic invertebrate life within the exclosure. Click here to read more, or click on the image above to see a video about the project. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/helocrene daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280308164-CS9R9YVX36L8VCCD2PHG/NVflowingspring2.jpg Helocrene https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1458001793731-HOJ6X5BMTQPU0YFTTDT5/image-asset.jpeg Helocrene Helocrene spring, Apache Sitgreaves National Forest, Arizona. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428097770258-OS9DYHNV3JST5SUI01M7/image-asset.jpeg Helocrene Sketch of Helocrene spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/geyser daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280089309-JD5LLGAU05CU0EA7LRNT/NVflowingspring2.jpg Geyser https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428097287703-HVXE4RAYF2NC7QS7Z98W/image-asset.jpeg Geyser Riverside Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428097334159-0HCUPZMAV73EXADOLHAS/image-asset.jpeg Geyser Sketch of Geyser spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/bibliography-1 daily 0.75 2026-02-26 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/springs-ecosystems daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/f0baff42-f6ee-4525-a0c7-87f2509ad673/BeefBasin_Sep2024_Lv_Iphone_IMG_4020.jpg What Are Springs? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/72e782ec-d945-4a19-85f9-472b1c30c489/IMG_3626.jpeg What Are Springs? - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/rheocrene daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280558642-ZW3VETBZSKGN9V77MQ1R/NVflowingspring2.jpg Rheocrene https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428098361683-0SBS48JP9N125C49NV5I/image-asset.jpeg Rheocrene Pheasant Branch, Wisconsin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428098230168-Z7YCCML3BATSL287E5T8/image-asset.jpeg Rheocrene Sketch of Rheocrene spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/limnocrene daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280497597-KPXSMZ3RGI6LFT1CNG3N/NVflowingspring2.jpg Limnocrene https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428098505243-VV6J373O8GAOEIVM5ASS/image-asset.jpeg Limnocrene Sketch of Limnocrene spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/site-information daily 0.75 2023-07-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285555922-IV0543I8P2E9LJE5RXGB/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Spring Site Information https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/b517e703-6779-48af-8e8b-4edf1626b5d0/Spring+SIte+Information+Fig.+10.png Spring Site Information Fig. 10: The General tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/4a7e7ec0-aee3-4d9c-a4d8-51184392db06/Spring+Site+Information+Fig.+11.png Spring Site Information Fig. 11: The Description tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/a809d3bb-01dc-4393-be41-5f0e99a7971a/Spring+Site+Information+Fig.+12.png Spring Site Information Fig. 12: The Management tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1582666293275-P8JX48YS9GB6F3ZUZ5XG/Report+first+page.png Spring Site Information Fig 13: An example of the first page of a summary report. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/e6cd3e7d-a0e0-433f-bf83-fbf2617f9aac/Spring+SIte+Information+Fig.+14.png Spring Site Information Fig. 14: The Survey tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/36862d53-fb40-468f-add9-d58d6cf817ed/Spring+Site+Information+Fig.+15.png Spring Site Information Fig. 15: The Polygons tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/3d2056be-5892-48c9-a070-b3324cebc235/Spring+Site+Information+Fig.+16.png Spring Site Information Fig. 16: The Georeferencing tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/18a62032-ae39-4d02-a6b1-21ab8a17795a/Spring+SIte+Information+Fig.+17.png Spring Site Information Fig. 17: A well-mapped spring, in satellite view. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/589f0733-7a64-441a-ab9c-5051a3d315db/Spring+Site+Information+Fig.+18.png Spring Site Information Fig. 18: The Site Geomorphology tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/4cae8fa5-78fd-4ad5-a261-cef0576d43ce/Spring+SIte+Information+Fig.+19.png Spring Site Information Fig. 19: The Solar Radiation (SPF) tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/6409cc2a-a328-48dd-b891-0c2a178ca17c/Spring+SIte+Information+Fig.+20.png Spring Site Information Fig. 20: The EOD tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/c8427f00-81fe-4a9b-b21a-69f2cd7493c6/Spring+SIte+Information+Fig.+21.png Spring Site Information Fig. 21: The History tab. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/contact daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/hillslope daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280400298-NZUK5CTAPTAA4P9J1TR0/NVflowingspring2.jpg Hillslope https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1588187554550-Y9HM36MB2F6ALRCQZGKY/HillslopeRheocrene_new.jpg Hillslope Sketch of Hillslope spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1458001936377-WNNBFFZDN3OUNPXO19R6/image-asset.jpeg Hillslope Fence Fault Garden Spring on the bank of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/carbonate-mound-form daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280531439-7JWYHUDZQGL92ZWTNK5W/NVflowingspring2.jpg Mound-Form https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428098415422-1L3UPSC1G1Y6BWNA2N8R/image-asset.jpeg Mound-Form Sketch of Mound Form spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428098445503-07WA64RAEEUTPNXTGDPT/image-asset.jpeg Mound-Form Montezuma Well in central Arizona, a limnocrene pool in a collapsed carbonate mound, supports a high concentration of endemic species due to its unique water chemistry and isolation (Stevens 2007). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1588188721940-J83WF9P7FI5QN29YRMXK/Pingo_RJJ2.jpg Mound-Form Pingo formation, photo courtesy of R.J. Johnson. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/gushet daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280161640-J81X1UPWIB3WWQPBTENT/NVflowingspring2.jpg Gushet https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428097395571-88Q9CLMD9M1JB6FEVUXU/image-asset.jpeg Gushet Sketch of Gushet spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1458000125238-DN7TGIYKQQEP0BO61GAS/image-asset.jpeg Gushet Dutton Spring in Grand Canyon National Park. Photo by Jeri Ledbetter. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/fountain daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280047074-PMXPDUC9J6GDP2YHBV7U/NVflowingspring2.jpg Fountain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1458000888417-91KKATEOPP5TUAJRQ8ZP/image-asset.jpeg Fountain Fence Fault Bidet on the bank of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428097013283-3H9LWXFE663FXE7THT0A/image-asset.jpeg Fountain Upper: sketch of Fountain spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/hypocrene daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280431474-WQ8KACACHNL1IUUKUQOB/NVflowingspring2.jpg Hypocrene https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/dbfa6ed2-7ebc-4634-856a-32ff2c57a634/2146267132_rep.jpg Hypocrene - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428098570337-SE4UOOVR1NQ5B8OTVG5J/HypocreneRed.jpg Hypocrene Sketch of Hypocrene spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/exposure-1 daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280005628-GAZJQRDPO9BUXRTXENQM/NVflowingspring2.jpg Exposure https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428097221200-NA1NW0N697096UWUAR75/image-asset.jpeg Exposure Devil's Hole, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428096923242-DIOKWSC6TC9U3P47EPB1/ExposureRed.jpg Exposure Sketch of Exposure spring type. A=aquifer; S=spring source. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/exporting-data daily 0.75 2023-07-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285820519-HOCLQSAAEAUSO0S52Z3G/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Exporting Data https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/a2e2dcd4-0b2f-4658-879d-7f09a7975912/Exporting+Data+Fig.+44.png Exporting Data Fig. 44: You can download survey data by clicking the spreadsheet icon, highlighted here. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/e5630b80-2039-4bd3-8737-a6d17458be25/Exporting+Data+Fig.+45.png Exporting Data Fig. 45: Generate a summary report by selecting the Summary Report in the Reports Tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/f3b87a2d-0dc7-489b-8846-ac066bf4818f/Exporting+Data+Fig.+46.png Exporting Data Fig. 46: You can generate a summary report for a specific survey selected by clicking the Reports Tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/33462be7-a193-409e-9df9-31aa5665de31/Exporting+Data+Fig.+47.png Exporting Data Fig. 47: Reports for specific data. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/62208a39-f760-4c7e-a51c-cdd165788abe/Exporting+Data+Fig.+48.png Exporting Data Fig. 48: The report icon (highlighted) in the Taxon editor. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/springs-inventory-protocol daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/d8611140-0162-40dd-a257-2caa20b61e3d/IMG_0969.JPG Springs Inventory Protocol (SIP) https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/seap daily 0.75 2026-02-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1f433f07-68cb-461a-8f3e-6b78291d736c/IMG_4016.png Springs Ecosystem Assessment Protocol (SEAP) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1427760503274-9NN4CO58Q9D613NYJ715/image-asset.jpeg Springs Ecosystem Assessment Protocol (SEAP) Montezuma Well, Montezuma Castle National Monument https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/database-overview daily 0.75 2026-02-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285310973-U3H573WXJMZLKRVKJ488/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Introduction https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1427918335281-8GLNGR58EC6T133H8A5Q/image-asset.jpeg Introduction Dr. Larry Stevens collecting inventory data, Merritt Spring, Coconino National Forest, Arizona. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1427918693212-O23C0N50W3POPUF39A69/image-asset.jpeg Introduction Primary Database Table Structure https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/hanging-garden daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574280267338-Z51Z077YUGWC4YI6M05D/NVflowingspring2.jpg Hanging Garden https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428097621776-FHH1LSUBBVDWX12LOQD0/image-asset.jpeg Hanging Garden Glen Canyon Dam, Hanging Gardens. Photo by Rich Rudow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428098770279-FI0MM9RUP3EDBJS33QK4/HangingGardenRedI.jpg Hanging Garden sketch of Hanging Garden spring type. A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source. The inverted triangle represents the water table or piezometric surface. Fault lines are shown where appropriate. Drawing by Victor O. Leshyk www.victorleshyk.com. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/training-site daily 0.75 2023-07-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285421629-8ED99VVEYA59COG6DNIE/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Training Site https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/747cc5e9-45d3-4ebd-a4cd-6db7663784e9/Training+Site+Fig.+3.PNG Training Site Fig. 3 Training Site Home page. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/creating-an-account-1 daily 0.75 2026-02-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285351892-DJMX39KB48FOC7S1SZ51/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Creating an Account https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/028cabf7-88df-407e-9599-9b218578e8e3/Creating+an+Account+Fig.+2.PNG Creating an Account Fig 2. Home page of Springs Online after login. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/survey-information daily 0.75 2023-07-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285606213-2A7SLK7RGXNGR9XVFGQN/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Survey Information https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/fd6a7025-1e3a-4e86-ba63-bcd53719cb60/Survey+Information+Fig.+22.PNG Survey Information Fig. 22: When adding a survey, the survey date, project, protocol, and surveyor names are required. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/3fa3c1b5-85ef-40b4-9fa9-b01200a812c4/Survey+Information+Fig.+23.png Survey Information Fig. 23: The Survey General Tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/c944ebc9-c4c0-4e05-b0b8-0a65e2084b5d/Survey+Information+Fig.+24.png Survey Information Fig. 24: The Flow tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428089634581-INS7V51M406FYZ3GWMR6/image-asset.jpeg Survey Information Fig. 25: Entering Flow data. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428089732952-R5FRDDYSYJGENFVI3SE3/image-asset.jpeg Survey Information Fig. 26: Adding flow measurements. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/7fd7a12d-a8a8-4e38-8ce4-022d06f7a4e8/Survey+Information+Fig.+27.png Survey Information Fig. 27: Adding the water quality measurements. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/af9356b5-11ff-4407-961b-7753a92167f8/Survey+Information+Fig.+28.png Survey Information Fig 28 Invertebrates page. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/83999f4f-3c92-4ee9-87b7-501b86db3ee8/Survey+Information+Fig.+29.PNG Survey Information Fig. 29: The Taxonomic Editor. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/556b628c-e75a-4663-b976-77cfdae32ea3/Survey+Information+Fig.+30.png Survey Information Fig. 30: The Vertebrates tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/866374c6-1a89-4ff2-9d54-3a164d5eabe0/Survey+Information+Fig.+31.png Survey Information Fig. 31: The Images tab (click to enlarge). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/b79c08eb-17b6-495d-a89a-755d08dbfda2/Survey+Information+Fig.+32.png Survey Information Fig. 32: Uploading an Image (click to enlarge). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/539f2fc2-646c-4ad4-b275-05cf655989be/Survey+Information+Fig.+33.PNG Survey Information Fig. 33: Springs Ecosystem Assessment Protocol entry form (SEAP). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/4aa15dc2-c9f8-44b4-90b0-a5726ecafc32/Survey+Information+Fig.+34.png Survey Information Fig. 34: The Survey Polygons, Soils, and Vegetation section is highlighted. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428092178728-PLQMASZWNSKZM1WFIR2H/image-asset.jpeg Survey Information Fig. 35: Sample Sketchmap (Click to enlarge). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1428092199870-YC1SEFGXUQ69FSLUGXKU/SampleDigitalSketchmap.JPG Survey Information Fig. 36: Sample Digital Sketchmap (Click to enlarge). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/ff16db53-8368-4fc2-ae8a-89693e372f69/Survey+Information+Fig.+37.png Survey Information Fig. 37: Editing Polygon Attributes (click to enlarge). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/4d56cc18-596f-418f-812e-70339a09ec1b/Survey+Information+Fig.+38.png Survey Information Fig. 38: The Microhabitat Soils tab (click to enlarge). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/09c65940-8a23-40ee-80e1-5840157f0ca7/Survey+Information+Fig.+39.png Survey Information Fig. 39: Entering Geomorphology data in the Survey (click to enlarge). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/0229effa-558e-4864-b0cc-629c86d31635/Survey+Information+Fig.+40.png Survey Information Fig. 40: The Flora tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/b889c149-bfe7-48da-bc57-749bd7e1991c/Survey+Information+Fig.+41.png Survey Information Fig. 41: The Add Flora Record fields on the Flora Tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/125178b9-0e9b-45c7-b487-7b2d34ccf0ed/Survey+Information+Fig.+42.png Survey Information Fig. 42: The Flora Taxon lists sites where the species has been reported. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/a52d004e-4fbd-432b-86de-2ba54c33a3da/Survey+Information+Fig.+43.png Survey Information Figure 43: The Vegetation Crosstab. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/searching-for-springs daily 0.75 2023-07-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285523223-Q2GOJUKHV85ZW4IMKXID/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Searching for Springs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/be252de8-bcd1-4ca9-8622-5db98b1c6719/Searching+for+Springs+Fig.+4.PNG Searching for Springs Fig. 4 The Search Springs page allows users to search by many different criteria as well as by geographic coordinates in Decimal Degrees. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/c0492944-fc96-48dc-a260-f49836e3f345/Searching+for+Springs+Fig.+6.PNG Searching for Springs Fig. 5 The Search form with criteria entered to locate Montezuma Well, a spring in Arizona. You can also click the "Include Only Springs with Survey Data" checkbox. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/168f625e-1054-40d3-80c7-656831ab8bb0/Searching+for+Springs+Fig.+7.PNG Searching for Springs Figure 6: Results from the search criteria entered in Figure 8. Click the Basic Record Information hyperlink to open general information about the site. Or click the Pencil Icon to open the Site Information Form. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/da46582d-8578-4028-ba2e-b30b6fb7f67b/Searching+for+Springs+Fig.+7%282%29.PNG Searching for Springs Fig. 7: Map of search results in Satellite View. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/a2fd2cdb-928a-4eb7-ae6e-dce5e301c651/Searching+for+Springs+Fig.+8+%282%29.png Searching for Springs Fig. 8: Point Radius Search on the bottom of the Search page. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/a205a680-bbfc-47e0-9458-a1a55b5f0a2d/Searching+for+Springs+Fig.+9.PNG Searching for Springs Fig. 9: Creating a bounding box, accesible from the Search form. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/management-menu daily 0.75 2023-07-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285769709-SQRYJUQLZ7EJH42U0I2G/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Management Menu https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/0de15d3a-8c57-4236-a178-4425722fcfcd/Management+Menu+Fig.+49.png Management Menu Fig. 49: Data Management Menu. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/8e9664d3-97ba-4a13-8f48-f29a0e533c30/Management+Menu+Fig.+50.png Management Menu Fig 50: Project Management displays sites that have been surveyed within a project. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/4efae14c-c6b6-4d8f-b2ef-150b73f33dd3/Management+Menu+Fig.+51.png Management Menu Fig. 51: Project Management Reports tab (click to enlarge). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/3ee407de-d5ca-4f44-9b43-b3f19346b560/Management+Menu+Fig.+52.PNG Management Menu Fig. 52: The Reference Editor (click to enlarge). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/8c949367-2d96-42ad-a793-1983a29410d2/Management+Menu+Fig.+53.png Management Menu Figure 53: The General Tab of the Vertebrate Taxa Editor, with the report icon highlighted. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/10249bc9-c148-4df6-93fc-0e0188828a98/Management+Menu+Fig.+54.png Management Menu Figure 54: Species distribution in Springs Online mapping aid. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/summary daily 0.75 2020-02-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285850255-I6FH49C9LQAZ95K08L5P/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Summary https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/partnerships daily 0.75 2026-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/e2f2b3cc-e645-4df4-86b1-833f4e922d0d/IMG_3477.jpg Partnerships https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1430503298117-ICGOSFE5BMXIZBDEIRMW/image-asset.png Partnerships https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1430502149898-3H8YF5DF8UJA24BTQ63R/image-asset.jpeg Partnerships 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1439320411105-HUI94H9M82XITY8VCQLX/image-asset.jpeg Partnerships https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1430501411590-80BSBJJWLQ7Q7BZTGY15/image-asset.gif Partnerships https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/salina-mulcahyae daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1432076168839-B2F99868HFVE5SBVG2VD/COLL_Paronellidae_Salina+mulcahyae_Christainsen_and_Bellinger+_1980_Lower_Madison_Spr_R_Grande_Apr_2015.jpg Salina mulcahyae https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/downloadsandpdfs daily 0.75 2026-02-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1432326783302-KH32ARV77BV0O6NEOYO4/EmmetSpring-VermilionCliffs-View-up-to-cliffs.jpg Field Sheets, Manuals, Guides, & Videos https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/mcdougalls-flaveria daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431454707369-0QF7K9FMAM7PHZ6LWVP0/McDougallsFlaveria.jpg McDougall's Flaveria https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431454707369-0QF7K9FMAM7PHZ6LWVP0/McDougallsFlaveria.jpg McDougall's Flaveria https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/brechmorhoga-pertinax daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431707535641-P40PSO7510B11INFP4ME/Brechmorhoga_pertinax.jpg Grand Canyon Masked Clubskimmer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431707246139-1CNSHC84B4ORX1E8VK1P/Brechmorhoga-pertinax-f-1481-1e3.jpg Grand Canyon Masked Clubskimmer - Brechmorhoga pertinax - dorsal Brechmorhoga pertinax. Photo courtesy of William A. Haber. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431707226886-5MKLD17KKBKNB217U9DB/Brechmorhaga_Pertinax.jpg Grand Canyon Masked Clubskimmer - Brechmorhoga pertinax - lateral https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/giantwaterbugs daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444247666433-71PQASJI74W36UT5TSLV/Abedus_h_herberti_A_Adjusted.jpg Herbert's and Breviceps Giant Water Bugs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444247572985-CAM1AZFC7LYRBKCN4BAF/Abedus_breviceps_A_Adjusted.jpg Herbert's and Breviceps Giant Water Bugs https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/wetsalts-tiger-beetle daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431212372497-ABAI4PJMFOV2BDNEYUYS/Cicindela_hemorrhagica_image.jpg Grand Canyon Wetsalts Tiger Beetle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431467304101-BHBF4GIZVKT89JTWL1YS/dorsal.jpg Grand Canyon Wetsalts Tiger Beetle - Hemorrhagica arizonae - Dorsal https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431467317273-J2V00C0YRGA1MI6JOLPE/ventral.jpg Grand Canyon Wetsalts Tiger Beetle - Hemorrhagica arizonae - ventral https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431468099792-HCE275IERYD3XLTUUSO1/lateral.jpg Grand Canyon Wetsalts Tiger Beetle - Hemorrhagica arizonae - lateral https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1431538978459-QMC7LCI08PL3JQ5CUXKB/6.0633Tiger+beetle+headReducedWhiteBG.jpg Grand Canyon Wetsalts Tiger Beetle https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/apache-spiketail-dragonfly daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444414064101-FFSK7C85C8JY0XKRBJO1/ApacheSpiketailDragonflyBannerHiRes-TerryWright.jpg Apache Spiketail Dragonfly https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444248962658-642FVVZEBLOEZ07UM9IH/image-asset.jpeg Apache Spiketail Dragonfly - Apache Spiketail Dragonfly Apache Spiketail Dragonfly. Photo courtesy of ©2005 Terry Wright, Arizona Hiking Gallery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444249045728-XMYHZBLG5GBBNDXUZF0J/image-asset.jpeg Apache Spiketail Dragonfly Detail of the head. Photo courtesy of AZDragonfly.org. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/56157d66e4b0043a1005edad/56157dc8e4b07a171ef33477/1731516227410/ Apache Spiketail Dragonfly https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444249100544-P4LNW7EYOPXXATKN8NYF/image-asset.jpeg Apache Spiketail Dragonfly Apache spiketail dragonfly in flight. Photo courtesy of Martin Reid. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/martins-nerthra daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444252461478-HY7UFRGV48PJAQ6IY6CW/image-asset.jpeg Martin's Nerthra Nerthra marini. Photo by the Springs Stewardship Institute. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/southwestern-viceroy-butterfly daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444251603462-D2WN4REGAW128O05YAOD/image-asset.jpeg Southwestern Viceroy Butterfly Southwestern viceroy butterfly. Split dorsal and ventral view. Image by Tom Cheknis. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/permissions daily 0.75 2023-07-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285474895-0KVL4YT4XHLYAQ7NJ6BG/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Permissions https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/6058c543-8e51-473a-9254-074f888b754e/Permissions.PNG Permissions Fig 1. Editing user permissions in Springs Online. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/administrators daily 0.75 2020-02-25 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/faq-2 daily 0.75 2026-02-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285159628-Q80SK11ZN87ZYIYZUI7A/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg FAQ https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/mission daily 0.75 2026-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/5c749bb5-e761-4ff0-aa30-5a0759fc92ec/IMG_4615.JPG Our Mission https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/support daily 0.75 2026-02-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/e42422b7-1e17-46ed-bfcb-adde2a0fe81a/CanyonTreeFrog1.jpg Support SSI https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/45f46076-baca-4f9c-ab90-6738fbbf9368/IMG_9731.JPG Support SSI - Make it stand out Dr. Larry Stevens sampling for invertebrates on the Colorado River below Hoover Dam in a donated boat. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/grandcanyonregistration daily 0.75 2026-02-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1513386545810-FI94AX92ACY305631J3O/HermitRapid.jpg 15-day Grand Canyon Trip 2027 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/vegetation-wetland-status-crosswalk daily 0.75 2023-07-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1574285723155-GCDWTSCCABCJ2M2G9ZE7/4FRIprettyspring2.jpg Vegetation Wetland Status Crosswalk https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/springsnail-conservation-strategy daily 0.75 2026-03-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/30c1f0bf-9c01-42af-900e-babad2a06c75/MoapaPebblesnail_Cropped.jpg Conservation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1636669527385-4HU1DQ2GVX2SH41UC0WS/Pyrgulopsis+turbatrix+Willow+Cr+Spr+070610.jpg Conservation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1636664433356-2L2A4FEGFM7JCE9C4MKI/AMendoza_1.jpg Conservation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1636664433130-HYDJ0JMB2J994QT1ZZ3R/AMendoza_2.jpg Conservation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1636664438383-52MPGLQXXW074WNV2HV6/CibolaSnail.jpg Conservation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1548958146693-8DWG42P2RSFWCXWIGJFQ/spring_snail_1-25x.jpg Conservation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1601593443623-8WIQGMR5TY0WH5B19MKH/Esri_2020_UC_MapGallery_Jenness_et_al_revised.jpg Conservation Springsnails are tiny, sometimes microscopic species that live in, and depend on, spring ecosystems. In arid landscapes, these springsnails are a prime example of the incredible biodiversity that springs provide, and as such they serve as umbrella species whose conservation indirectly protects many other species within the same ecosystem. Efforts to protect these species, spearheaded by the Springsnail Conservation Strategy, provide shelter not only for these incredible icons of diversity, but for all species, including those not yet known to science, that live in springs. Learn more with this short video. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/volunteer-now daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/key daily 0.75 2026-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/3d54bf6e-0b77-46a5-8b00-57351dacc9e3/20250513_130505.jpg Introduction & Key https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/46daffd9-33ba-4b36-9b5a-ef5f51bd7098/DSC01639.jpg Introduction & Key - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/4fri-springs-monitoring-1 daily 0.75 2026-01-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1456870060146-WKYG4HGTOPEXR5VV840J/Group1.jpg 4FRI Springs Monitoring https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1456944364896-0PX2K39EK2WLSL7LIQNC/image-asset.jpeg 4FRI Springs Monitoring Tres Coyote Springs on Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1456943776312-GYUAALQSOGFALZLJ97JI/image-asset.jpeg 4FRI Springs Monitoring Workshop participants measure springs discharge using a weir plate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1456946056442-SIH7CAZGPY1TO2T5FM0H/Map1.jpg 4FRI Springs Monitoring An example of the 4FRI springs monitoring app showing springs near Flagstaff, Arizona, Coconino National Forest. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1456942394884-Y1S1O6FTXGU20ZXJMH3V/image-asset.jpeg 4FRI Springs Monitoring Ms. Jeri Ledbetter with a University of Lethbridge researcher. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/springs-of-the-verde-river-basin daily 0.75 2026-02-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1673986646230-4JJ5XPQSX8RF3MBIFRUD/LV_FossilCreek.jpg Overview https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1670873798258-UZZ4LJ2FNP8NG39YVGOL/263_MontezumaWell_460.jpg Overview https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1670873798386-OSD4S5VLQLF2J4ITEBWI/546_Keller.jpg Overview https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1670873800058-G4IKUG5GWV9RTCQ959U2/551_PinchotWest.jpg Overview https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1670873814244-G56ZSH5UZDOO0IKW8D58/PivotRock.jpg Overview https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1670873800492-043Y5A0B4CCESUO1P1OZ/19233_DragonflyMedicine.jpg Overview https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/verdespringsinventory daily 0.75 2026-02-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1674165513104-2U9ZGXDHSWGVAWPX8DLN/2146248773_rep.jpg Inventory of Verde Headwater Springs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/9ee33ab5-2835-43fd-b182-7e6879b77bb6/883_DelRio.jpg Inventory of Verde Headwater Springs - Make it stand out Del Rio Springs - part of the Verde River headwater region, and historically where perennial flow for the Verde River began. Photo courtesy of Springs Online. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/verde-springs-ecology daily 0.75 2026-02-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1673986753558-KIC0XU0GKAM8F0HHYKLP/19233_DragonflyMedicine.jpg Verde Springs Ecology https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/58102f04-3ba5-4ebd-aab2-d705f9ed5f35/VerdeHydrograph_ClarkdaleGauge.png Verde Springs Ecology - Make it stand out Verde River flows at the stream gauge upstream of Clarkdale. Springs provide approximately 50 to 70 cfs of permanent baseflow to the upper canyon reach of the Verde River. Data courtesy of the US Geologic Survey Arizona Water Science Center. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1675359094166-TI8Z1K2JANP932E4L8HY/Rana_pipiens_T-Six_Spring_cropped.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Northern leopard frog Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) Northern leopard frogs occur at upper elevations in the Verde River basin. They live and breed in springs, wetlands, permanent pools, and along streams, and feed in shoreline habitats; however, northern leopard frogs have been known to hop into the adjacent uplands to overwinter. Historically, northern leopard frogs were found throughout the US and Canada, except in the southeastern states, but populations have declined significantly over the past 50 years, particularly in Arizona (Drost et al. 2011). They are currently considered vulnerable to population reduction and decline by the Arizona Game and Fish Department. Photo courtesy of L.E. Stevens, Springs Online Taxonomic Editor. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1680022258645-T57I5AL2FLCL4YTPBE8G/Eagle_USFWS_Midwest_CC.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Bald Eagle The Verde River supports the largest number of breeding bald eagles of any river in Arizona (Smith and Ledbetter, n.d.). Photo courtesy of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Midwest Region. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1674673404299-4RZ3DRY17QFM5GJ2FF5I/Telebasis%2Bsalva%2BDrawing%2BLES.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Desert Firetail The Desert Firetail (Telebasis salva) is a small damselfly that occupies quiet water habitats throughout Sonora and Arizona (Bailowitz et al. 2015). The males are bright scarlet with flame-colored eyes, while the females are nondescript. Firetails have multiple generations per year, particularly near unithermal spring marshes like Montezuma Well (Stevens and Bailowitz 2009). Both the larvae and adults are predators, the former feeding on soft-bodied amphipods and aquatic insects, and the latter feeding on midges and other small flying insects. Drawing of larva by L.E. Stevens. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1677099018865-WRWDHOJAUJDZOIKO88ZK/Carex_ultra_SueCarnahan.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Cochise sedge Cochise sedge (Carex ultra) is the largest sedge in the U.S. Southwest, reaching 2 meters in height. ‘Ultra’ is Latin for ‘beyond’ or ‘in excess,’ and is probably a reference to its size (SEINet). This sedge thrives at seeps springs, and streambanks. It has a limited geographic distribution and is a designated US Forest Serice Sensitive Species. It lives at middle elevations of central Arizona in the Verde and Agua Fria watersheds, and also in the far southeast corner of Arizona and neighboring New Mexico and Sonora, Mexico (SEINet). Photo courtesy of Sue Carnahan via SEINet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1673983466864-RFVSAH9134VDXM79G438/Pyrg_SOTaxEditor.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Page Springsnail The Page springsnail (Pyrgulopsis morrisoni) is a tiny aquatic gastropod that is now found only at six springs along the lower reaches of Oak Creek in the Verde River Basin (Martinez and Thome 2006). It has an upright, ovate shell less than 0.12” long. The females are slightly larger than the males. This is one of three springsnail species in the Verde River basin, each of which is or was tightly restricted to one or a few springs. Although it is a federally endangered species, Page springsnail populations continue to be threatened by nonnative predatory crayfish (Orconectes virilis) and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Photo courtesy of Springs Online Taxonomic Editor. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1674673404392-LPI2GNBQ21EKVPRNJWO0/Ranatra_montezuma_LES.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Montezuma Well Water Scorpion The Montezuma Well water scorpion (Ranatra montezuma) is an aquatic, predatory true bug. It is a sit-and-wait predator that lives in quiet water close to the surface. To breathe, it extends its breathing tube up to the surface. It sits motionless, waiting for unsuspecting, soft-bodied insects or amphipods to swim by, and with lightning speed, snaps out its raptorial front legs to grab prey, much like a praying mantis does. This species is found exclusively in Montezuma Well and so is said to be endemic there (Stevens and Polhemus 2008). Drawing of adult by L.E. Stevens. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1675364096432-MAULATN2ISXSB1RDSTDG/YellowBilledCuckoo_NPS.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Western Yellow-billed Cuckoo The Western yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis) is a relatively large bird with a tan back, a white front, and a long black and white tail. It nests only in desert riparian habitats (e.g., Carothers et al. 1974). Once common in Middle Verde River cottonwood-willow riparian habitats, it has sustained severe population declines due to habitat fragmentation and has been designated as a federally threatened species. Photo courtesy of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1677099180108-OFR93OV6NB1KE19435P0/Typha_domingensis_Max_Licher.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Southern Cattail Many of the springs and spring-fed streams and ponds of the Verde watershed support cattail thickets. For pre-industrial humans, cattails would have been one of the more useful plants on the landscape. The young flower stalks, pollen, young shoots, and rhizomes are all edible. The leaves and stalks have been used as building materials, bedding, rope, and even torches. The fluffy seeds can be used for insulation and padding, such as in a cradleboard (USDA NRCS). Cattails are ecologically useful as well, for water purification, and are sometimes planted at modern wastewater treatment plants.Photo courtesy of Max Licher via SEINet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1675355271617-1VI2TINNTZB7ER4OPW8R/razorback_sucker_USFWS.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Razorback Sucker The razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) is one the largest of the dozen fish species that were native to the Verde River (Minckley 1973); however, it was extirpated and only occurs there as a re-established population. It is now restricted primarily to reservoirs and slow-moving sections of the lower Colorado River, including lower Grand Canyon (Stevens 2012). It is now a federally endangered species (Minckley 1973, Minckley and Deacon 1991). Photo courtesy of US Fish and Wildlife Service, Mountain Prairie. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1677099427059-240FNB4DHR2C1JZP2P3Y/Rudbeckia_laciniata_MaxLicher.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Cutleaf coneflower While common in the eastern United States, in the West this showy yellow wildflower can only be found at springs and spring-fed wet meadows and streams. In the Verde watershed, it is found at a few springs and along Oak Creek and its tributaries. Photo courtesy of Max Licher via SEINet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1674673414165-X020MM5UH0WQZO8L2LE4/belostoma_bakeri_LES.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Baker's giant waterbug The world’s smallest giant waterbug, this voracious predator is only found in northern Arizona in Montezuma Well (Stevens and Polhemus 2008). This species occupies still water near the periphery of the pond at Montezuma Well, where it preys on any and all aquatic invertebrates that it encounters, grabbing them with its raptorial front legs. Like all members of the family Belostomatidae, the male guards the eggs to ensure they hatch safely. Drawing of adult by L.E. Stevens. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1680022750407-D60FBCVJ3YNW2N4EX4KH/Otter_NPSYellowstone_CC.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - River Otter Native Southwest river otters (Lontra canadensis sonora) once roamed the riparian corridors of the Colorado River basin. However, habitat loss and obstruction by dams resulted in population declines, and the last confirmed sighting of this subspecies was in 1984 in Grand Canyon. Most knowledgeable biologists now consider this subspecies extinct (Tolme 2003). In the early 1980s the Arizona Game and Fish Department translocated eastern river otters into the Verde River, where they feed on nonnative crayfish and fish. River otters wander widely and sometime den in abandoned beaver burrows. The translocated otter population is now well-established in the Verde River and is occasionally seen playing and hunting in and along the river. Photo courtesy of the National Park Service Yellowstone. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1677781715330-ACK5RG9B5MOH5E74TL6A/SonoraTurtNPS.png Verde Springs Ecology - Sonora mud turtle The Sonora mud turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense) is found in perennial waters throughout the Southwest and is the only native aquatic turtle species living in the Verde River Basin (Brennon and Holycross 2006). It occurs in Montezuma Well, an important spring in the Verde Watershed, and may represent a unique, but not yet described subspecies there. The turtle population in Montezuma Well has been in decline since 1983, a pattern attributed to competition with recently exterminated nonnative slider turtles there. Photo courtesy of the National Park Service. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1677782784699-6ZM8KRSRNMLKENXOD5CC/NarrowHeadGSnake_CBD.png Verde Springs Ecology - Narrow-headed garter snake This nonvenomous snake is found in or near headwater streams in the US Southwest. Its most distinguishable feature is its long, narrow snout, for which it is named. This is Arizona’s most aquatic snake, occupying spring, stream, and riparian habitats, and feeding primarily on native minnows and suckers. Narrow-headed garter snake populations are declining due to habitat loss and the introduction of nonnative predatory species, particularly crayfish and American bullfrogs (Rosen and Schwalbe 1988; US Fish and Wildlife Service 2014). This snake is now rare in places where it once thrived, and it was added to the Endangered Species list in 2014. Photo courtesy of the Center for Biological Diversity/Pierson Hill. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1680023004183-HIFGDTTGZUE62M6RC1Y6/SWWillowFlycatcher_NRCS_via_NPS.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Southwestern Willow Flycatcher The Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) is a small, olive-colored Neotropical migrant species with a light breast, two white wingbars, and a white eye-ring. It has a distinctive call and is found during the summer months in riparian habitat throughout the U.S. Southwest (Sogge et al. 2010). It normally nests 4-15 feet off the ground in dense vegetation over moist soil or near water, and it feeds by hawking and gleaning small invertebrates. This species continues to breed in low numbers along the Middle Verde River. It is federally designated as an endangered species due to loss and alteration of riparian habitat throughout its range. Photo courtesy of the Natural Resources Conservation Service Colorado, USDA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/3d8ef7b7-6b11-4191-932a-3f355f82f996/AgLand_VerdeValley.png Verde Springs Ecology - Make it stand out Agricultural fields flank the Verde River in Camp Verde. Satellite image from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/29a9e081-0fb9-48f7-9a78-d16e0938da8f/AH_Kayaking_Verde2.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Make it stand out The Verde River provides abundant opportunities for recreation in a beautiful riparian corridor. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/206b568b-3802-430f-b0f0-ffcd5159b5d4/verde-valley-wells-history.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Make it stand out Wells as of 1950 (left) and wells as of 2015 (right). Images courtesy of Salt River Project via Friends of the Verde River. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/74423983-a6cf-4485-95e4-ddfeca178edc/DelRioSpring_Gauge.png Verde Springs Ecology - Make it stand out USGS streamflow data at Del Rio Springs, the historic perennial headwater of the Verde River mainstem. This figure shows the entire period of record for the stream gauge, beginning in August 1996. The flow rate was recorded as 0 cubic feet per second for the first time in May of 2012. Data courtesy of the US Geologic Survey Arizona Water Science Center. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1675362027806-87WJZM5TEH4QJ35NBGLB/SmallmouthBass_KentuckyFWS.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Nonnative fish Numerous species of nonnative fish are present in the Verde watershed, most of them sport fish. Many of these fish compete directly with native fish species for food or consume native fish. Native fish often do not have defenses against introduced predatory fish. The photo is of a smallmouth bass, a common sport fish. Photo courtesy of Kentucky Fish and Wildlife Service. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1678127741075-L5QFBOUNAQEYLHJD7ARQ/Picture1.png Verde Springs Ecology - Crayfish Aquatic ecosystems can be deleteriously affected by introduced, predatory crayfish. Crayfish can quickly become dominant predators in newly invaded aquatic ecosystems, and can initiate novel trophic cascades, altering ecosystem structure. The potential negative effects of non-native crayfish include: competition for food and space; transfer of disease; consumption of eggs with resulting reduction of snail populations; consumption of macrophytic vegetation with indirect and direct effects on other invertebrates; clouding the water with suspended solids due to digging and swimming activity; and destabilizing ditches, canals, and stream banks (Springs Stewardship Institute 2020). Photo of Procambarus clarkii courtesy of the National Park Service. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1678128066659-TA7POE0ZEZKZIZ14DRAC/16006zebraTom.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - New Zealand mud snail New Zealand mud snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) disrupt the food chain by consuming algae and competing with nonnative invertebrates. These snails are difficult to control because they can reproduce asexually and can reach high population densities. New Zealand mud snails are often unintentionally spread by human activities. They can easily attach themselves to boots, waders, and other gear. These snails can survive several days out of water (National Park Service 2019). Photo courtesy of the National Park Service. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/b52960f9-34eb-495c-8d9c-3d496821422e/JoelHazelton_WestForkOakCreek.jpg Verde Springs Ecology - Make it stand out The spring-fed West Fork of Oak Creek is an incredibly popular hiking area in the Verde River Basin. Photo courtesy of Joel Hazelton. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/presentations daily 0.75 2026-02-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1636668898972-9VUCZII248GR4JMR1KZA/BearsEarsErinCrop.jpg Past Webinars and Presentations https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/grand-canyon-river-trip daily 0.75 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/6247cf21-a29e-4890-92c5-f800982cbe97/RIVERTRIP%2717-22+Large.jpeg Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/a9c5fbba-43df-49ab-bd66-4ab556007152/RIVERTRIP%2717-8%281%29.jpg Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1444075802544-P3OD9O46WHPF7SC61H1Q/VP-lower.jpg Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1755286619396-HBIYGB07HGO8VALGJF6I/Crumbo+Roaring+thru+the+20s.jpg Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1755286618669-J9LX18UQ8M1NOQQX5UW4/crystal+at+80.jpg Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1755286627103-2RDMWPENRUOKENVHN2F9/Inner+Gorge+2.JPG Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1755286635067-44PG304YBKEMH5DU6INJ/LCR.JPG Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1755286639618-QZ890LQHOT1VP4TL0TAI/P1070232.JPG Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1755286642650-LJC9ENIN7N3WRS859BC8/Tapeats+Ck.JPG Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1755286646722-2F0VRVR9U83TP1V0G006/V+wave+moment.jpg Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/45256d48-7cb5-443c-8e16-0b9e3a6f5fb9/light+layer.JPG Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1463092324756-DMGYILNPB47RAXF7K6B5/image-asset.jpeg Grand Canyon River Trip 2027 Elves Chasm spring-fed waterfalls. We often stop here on river trips, and there are plenty of other spectacular sites to see. Photo by Bob Martin https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/why-study-springs daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/0a9f3fd8-ab55-4122-a3fe-f7fb20d696ef/dji_fly_20250617_111634_181_1750180870497_photo_optimized.JPG Why Study Springs? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/e8de307e-12c7-42de-81b6-94b5044b59bc/image-asset.jpg Why Study Springs? Royal Arches Spring, Grand Canyon, photo by Dr. Larry Stevens https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/35e5c92f-0edd-450b-806d-836bbb0b0342/Additional2_sheep_compressed.jpg Why Study Springs? A herd of sheep compete for access to the lush vegetation inside the exclosure at Big Spring, AZ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/8f638d55-d088-4d82-9a39-0d27fdef8507/Salamander_seep.jpg Why Study Springs? A small seep in Dark Canyon, UT https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/what-we-do daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1427501866287-8KSDVHW4R912GLIIEF8F/ColumbineSpring.jpg What We Do https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/d689cb3d-bb64-4460-98df-005c075d2e60/IMG_6138.JPG What We Do - Make it stand out Surveyors gather data on North Cumberland Spring, NV https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/f5775c07-7607-4093-915c-5b23762d2620/SpatialSearchMap.jpg What We Do - Make it stand out The spatial search function in Springs Online https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/d043d979-e11f-4f05-b4b3-490e498850bb/20240715_095322.jpg What We Do - Make it stand out Fencing in action at Big Spring, AZ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/fddf97f1-229f-4042-875b-8635d212aa93/WorkshopLESPhone.jpg What We Do - Make it stand out USFS and Friends of Nevada Wilderness join SSI for a training in the Spring Mountains, NV https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/surveys daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/b1d3531a-222a-47dd-ac94-575dae42ec04/dji_fly_20250805_152634_235_1754429626515_photo_optimized.png Springs Surveys https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/e81ba923-7425-4152-bb35-8fc66611011f/DarkCanyon_May2024_EllieIphone_WeepingWallFlow1.jpg Springs Surveys - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/spring-dispatches daily 0.75 2026-02-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/e3110870-2ffd-43d1-8855-71cf37de810f/Screenshot+2025-10-20+at+2.05.26%E2%80%AFPM.png Spring Dispatches https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/books daily 0.75 2026-02-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/aa811e79-633a-4e8a-99d8-0c70f13b1cb8/Wandering+Glider+%28Pantala+flavescens%29+-+Hatchery+Ponds%2C+Santa+Rosa%2C+NM+%2834%29.jpg Books https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/29c5f2ba-3e15-4038-afb9-3f14d276a091/GlobalSprings+1.jpg Books - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1667591663095-4MMA1ITKDANVVUGKRPF5/OnePageBookCoverImage.jpg Books - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/springs-dependent-species daily 0.75 2026-02-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/fc3c721b-3bcb-498e-a000-a58ad1822965/Pollinator_in_MonkeyflowerIMG_5394_LV.jpg Biodiversity and Springs-Dependent Species https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/54610ba7-db6e-4199-92b2-556e6bd27029/42.jpg Biodiversity and Springs-Dependent Species https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/a4ae97cf-024a-4b07-9ea5-f7f7bd1e258b/DSC09449.jpg Biodiversity and Springs-Dependent Species - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/d04930b9-cac9-4924-a998-b25fa5053459/IMG_3972.jpg Biodiversity and Springs-Dependent Species - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/cd0ad01c-d63c-40e0-8a7c-24049598416e/CibolaSnail2.jpg Biodiversity and Springs-Dependent Species - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/workshops daily 0.75 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/16a94dbe-3352-4719-a0b3-f893c9e988bd/LO+Survey.jpg Workshops https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/b40124c8-56fa-4818-867d-19d6a97c2117/IMG_4647.png Workshops https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/983afe15-45dd-48c4-8f07-07729fd195af/20241102_161358.jpg Workshops - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/merchandise daily 0.75 2022-11-04 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/merchandise/springs-stewardship-institute-sticker monthly 0.5 2026-02-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1667856132978-S0PRAH4FKYJ2MKW7JNAV/stickerpreview1.jfif Merchandise - Springs Stewardship Institute Sticker https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/merchandise/dragonflies-and-damselflies-of-the-grand-canyon-region monthly 0.5 2026-02-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1667601808201-RZ228LAC6PDMWP4WGCCY/pdf+cover2.jpg Merchandise - Dragonflies and Damselflies of the Grand Canyon Region https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1667602186323-ZCIFDIT07JUMYI8E2L6L/pdf+back+cover1.jpg Merchandise - Dragonflies and Damselflies of the Grand Canyon Region https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/river-trip-deposit daily 0.75 2025-08-27 https://springstewardshipinstitute.org/river-trip-deposit/credit-card-deposit monthly 0.5 2026-02-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/551345b8e4b05ad7b907caef/1755286639618-QZ890LQHOT1VP4TL0TAI/P1070232.JPG River Trip Deposit - Credit Card - GC River Trip Credit Card Deposit